DeMauro Renaghan A, et al. - Researchers address acute kidney injury and CKD related to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in this work. A broad range of structural and functional abnormalities, including vascular (hypertension, thrombotic microangiopathy), glomerular (albuminuria, nephrotic glomerulopathies), and/or tubulointerstitial, may represent kidney injury directly related to stem cell transplantation. AKI affects 10%–73% of patients who undergo stem cell transplantation. Based on patient features, type of transplant (allogeneic vs autologous), and selection of chemotherapeutic conditioning regimen (myeloablative vs nonmyeloablative), the risk of posttransplant kidney injury differs. Substantial morbidity is experienced in the presence of AKI, including the requirement for KRT in about 5% of patients and CKD occurrence in up to 60% of transplant recipients. Irrespective of transplant type, AKI has been linked universally with higher all-cause and nonrelapse death. Consistent evidence of extremely high (> 80%) death rates in those patients needing acute dialysis have been afforded by studies. It is important to prevent, early identify and promptly manage kidney injury in order to achieve improved kidney and patient results following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and for understanding the complete potential of this therapy.