Moustafa S, et al. - Researchers performed a prospective study evaluating women with a clinical indication for gynecologic surgery in order to determine if serum microRNAs is a the feasible diagnostic biomarkers of endometriosis in these women. They collected serum samples prior to surgery from 100 women. Based on the presence of symptoms, selection of women was done and the presence or absence of endometriosis was determined via performing laparoscopy. Absence of visual disease at the time of surgery led to categorization of the control group. Using qRT-PCR, measurement of circulating miRNAs miR-125b-5p, miR-150-5p, miR-342-3p, miR-451a, miR-3613-5p and let-7b was done in serum in a blinded fashion, without knowledge of disease status. Varying pathologies were identified in control group women, with leiomyoma occurring the most often (n = 39). They identified significantly higher expression levels of four serum miRNAs (miR-125b-5p, miR-150-5p, miR-342-3p, and miR-451a) and significantly lower levels of two serum miRNAs (miR-3613-5p and let-7b) in women with endometriosis. The performance of an algorithm based on these miRNA biomarkers was validated, establishing their value to detect endometriosis in a clinical setting, allowing earlier recognition and treatment. This study demonstrate, for the first time, the reliable value of miRNA biomarkers to differentiate between endometriosis and other gynecologic pathologies with an AUC > 0.9 across two independent studies. The capability of performing non-invasive diagnosis of endometriosis could decrease the time to diagnosis, surgical risk, years of discomfort, disease progression, linked co-morbidities and healthcare costs.