Ibn Saied W, et al. - Using longitudinal prospective studies conducted at French ICUs, the 30-day mortality of ICU patients was assessed in relation to ventilator-associated pneumonia and ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia. In Cox models, time-dependent covariates included the first three episodes of ventilator-associated pneumonia or ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia. Regarding the adequacy of antibiotic treatment, researchers assessed the baseline features of patients as well as analyzed variation in the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score in the 2 days prior to the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia or ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia. An 82% and a 38% increase in the risk of 30-day mortality was observed in relation to ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia, respectively. ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia should be prevented in nonventilated patients. Early antibiotic therapy adequacy was not related with an improved prognosis, especially for ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia, but the effect was comparable for ventilator-associated pneumonia.