New research being presented at the 2017 Pediatric Academic Societies Meeting suggests children across racial and ethnic groups who experience discrimination have more ADHD and worse general health.
New research to be presented at the 2017 Pediatric Academic Societies Meeting illustrates the unhealthy effects racism can have on children, with reported exposure to discrimination tied to higher rates of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), anxiety and depression, as well as decreased general health.

The study abstract is titled, “The Detrimental Influence of Racial Discrimination in the United States.” For the study, they looked at data from 95,677 participants in the 2011–2012 National Survey on Children’s Health. In addition to providing physical and mental health records, caregivers of children in the survey were asked whether the child had experienced being “judged or treated unfairly” because of his or her race or ethnicity.

After adjusting for socioeconomic status, family structure, primary language and other factors, researchers found a significant link between exposure to racism and health. The average proportion of children reported by parents to be in “excellent health” decreased by 5.4 percent among those exposed to perceived discrimination, for example. Exposure to racism also appeared to boost the odds of ADHD by 3.2 percent.

The biggest reduction in general health appeared among low–income, minority children, particularly Hispanic participants, said Ashaunta Anderson, MD, MPH, lead author of the study and an assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of California, Riverside School of Medicine. Children exposed to discrimination who were from high–income households, however, also experienced negative health effects.

“White children with high income who experienced racial or ethnic discrimination had larger decreases in general health,” Anderson said, “while black children experiencing that combination of factors had increased rates of ADHD.” The study also found that children who experienced racial discrimination had twice the odds of anxiety and depression compared to children who did not experience discrimination. In turn, children with anxiety or depression had roughly half the odds of excellent general health, and four times the odds of ADHD.

“Our findings suggest that racial discrimination contributes to race–based disparities in child health, independent of socioeconomic factors,” Anderson said, adding that coordinated efforts are needed to support children affected by discrimination with developmentally appropriate coping strategies and systems of care. In particular, she said, programs that provide positive parenting practices training and promote positive peer and role model relationships can help buffer children from the negative health effects of discrimination.