A research team led by Prof. LIU Chenli from the Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Prof. XIAO Yichuan from the Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health of CAS elucidated the mechanism behind bacterial cancer therapy using a genetically engineered bacterial strain.

Exploring the use of antitumour bacteria in cancer therapy dates back to the 1860s. Despite this long history, however, clinical application of bacterial-based cancer therapy has faced significant challenges in terms of safety and efficacy.

Recent advancements in synthetic biology have enabled the development of novel antitumour bacteria, creating new avenues for immuno-oncology research. However, such bacteria's practical application has been hindered by the unclear mechanisms by which they evade host immune defenses while activating antitumour responses.

In this study, researchers engineered an attenuated strain, Designer Bacteria 1 (DB1), which efficiently survives and proliferates in tumour tissues while being cleared in normal tissues, achieving a remarkable "tumour-targeting" effect as well as "tumour-clearing" effect.

To understand how DB1 simultaneously achieves these effects, researchers investigated the interactions between the bacteria and tumours. They discovered that DB1's antitumour efficacy is closely linked to tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T cells within the tumour, which are reinvigorated and expanded following DB1 therapy. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) plays a crucial role in mediating this effect, with efficacy depending on the high expression of interleukin-10 receptor (IL-10R) on CD8+ TRM cells.

To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the high expression of IL-10R on CD8+ TRM cells, researchers conducted a series of computational and quantitative experiments. They found that IL-10 binds to IL-10R on CD8+ TRM cells, activating the STAT3 protein and further promoting IL-10R expression. This established a positive feedback loop, enabling cells to bind more IL-10 and creating a nonlinear hysteretic effect, whereby CD8+ TRM cells "memorise" previous IL-10 stimulation during tumorigenesis. The high expression of IL-10R on CD8+ TRM cells was exploited by a bacteria-induced IL-10 surge, which activated and expanded CD8+ TRM cells to clear tumour cells.

To examine the source of IL-10 within the tumour microenvironment (TME) after bacterial therapy, researchers found that tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) upregulate IL-10 expression following DB1 stimulation via the Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway. Interestingly, IL-10 reduced the migration speed of tumour-associated neutrophils (TANs), aiding DB1 in evading rapid clearance. These processes depended on high IL-10R expression in tumour-associated immune cells, highlighting the critical role of IL-10R hysteresis.

"Our findings illuminate a crucial, yet previously unresolved mechanism in bacterial cancer therapy. The elucidated IL-10R hysteresis mechanism not only provides valuable insights but also serves as a guiding principle for the design of engineered bacteria, enhancing safety and efficacy," said Prof. LIU.

Chang Z, Guo X, Li X, Wang Y, Zang Z, Pei S, Lu W, Li Y, Huang JD, Xiao Y, Liu C. Bacterial immunotherapy leveraging IL-10R hysteresis for both phagocytosis evasion and tumour immunity revitalisation. Cell. 2025 Feb 20:S0092-8674(25)00158-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2025.02.002