Hypertensive pregnancy disorders, especially pre-eclampsia, a form of high blood pressure during pregnancy, may lead to adverse mental health conditions in children, according to new research published today in Hypertension, an American Heart Association journal.
A Finnish study of 4,743 mother-child pairs found associations between hypertensive pregnancy disorders—including chronic hypertension (high blood pressure), gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and eclampsia—and childhood mental disorders. Pre-eclampsia is a common pregnancy complication often characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine, which indicates damage to other organs including the liver and kidneys. Eclampsia is a severe complication of pre-eclampsia in which high blood pressure during pregnancy results in seizures.
Maternal pre-eclampsia and its severity were associated with an increase in the risk of any childhood mental disorder and psychological development and behavioral and emotional disorders in the offspring.
Researchers found:
- a 66% higher risk of mental disorders among children whose mothers had pre-eclampsia; and
- a two-fold higher risk of childhood mental issues among children whose mothers had severe pre-eclampsia.
“While previous studies have shown significant effects of pre-eclampsia on ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia in the offspring, a novel aspect of our findings was that the predisposing effects of maternal pre-eclampsia extended to any childhood mental disorder in the offspring,” said Marius Lahti-Pulkkinen, one of the senior researchers of the study, PhD a docent at the University of Helsinki in Helsinki, Finland.
Researchers also noted that the combination of maternal hypertensive disorders, overweight/obesity, and diabetes disorders in pregnancy increase the cumulative incidence of childhood mental disorders from 6.6% among offspring of mothers with none of those conditions to 22.2% in offspring exposed to all of these three adverse maternal conditions.
The associations of maternal pre-eclampsia with offspring childhood mental disorders are not explained by maternal mental disorders, age, substance use, number of previous pregnancies, education, overweight/obesity, or diabetes disorders, or paternal mental or hypertensive disorders.
“The findings emphasize the need for preventive interventions and treatments for maternal hypertensive disorders, since such interventions have the potential to benefit both the well-being of the expectant mother and her offspring,” he said. “The findings also shed important new light on the etiology of childhood mental disorders. This information may help in targeting preventive interventions and support for families at risk, and aid clinicians in understanding issues and the underlying causes of childhood mental disorders.”
Hypertensive pregnancy disorders are key risk factors for maternal mortality, stillbirth, preterm birth, and intrauterine growth restriction and they predict cardiovascular morbidity in the mother and her offspring.
This study was a part of the Prediction and Prevention of Pre-eclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction (PREDO) study, which comprises mother-child pairs with children born in southern and eastern Finland in 2006 through 2010. Women were recruited at maternity hospitals, and the children were followed from birth to ages 6 to 10, with data collected prospectively from medical records and national health registers.
The study’s limitations include that the study sample included mostly Caucasian women in a high-income country with universal health care, so generalizability of the study’s results to other populations is limited.
Co-authors are Polina Girchenko, PhD; Soile Tuovinen, PhD; Sara Sammallahti, MD, PhD; Rebecca Reynolds, MD, PhD; Jari Lahti, PhD; Kati Heinonen, PhD; Jari Lipsanen, MA; Esa Hämäläinen, MD, PhD; Pia Villa, MD, PhD; Eero Kajantie, MD, PhD; Hannele Laivuori, MD, PhD; and Katri Räikkönen, PhD.
