It's a familiar sight in the majority of young families: young children bent over a screen for hours, texting or gaming, lost in a digital world.

Many parents worry, how much screen time is too much?

But a recent study found that may be the wrong question. The findings suggest that how children use the devices, not how much time they spend on them, is the strongest predictor of emotional or social problems connected with screen addiction. This held true after researchers controlled for screen time.

"Typically, researchers and clinicians quantify or consider the amount of screen time as of paramount importance in determining what is normal or not normal or healthy or unhealthy," said lead author Sarah Domoff, who did the research while a postdoctoral research fellow at University of Michigan Center for Human Growth and Development.

"Our study has demonstrated that there is more to it than number of hours. What matters most is whether screen use causes problems in other areas of life or has become an all-consuming activity."

Much research exists on adolescents and screen use, but Domoff said that to her knowledge this is the first tool in the United States that measures screen media addiction in children ages 4-11. She believes it will be a valuable tool for parents, clinicians and researchers.

Some of the warning signs include:

• Unsuccessful Control: It is hard for my child to stop using screen media.
• Loss of Interest: Screen media is the only thing that seems to motivate my child.
• Preoccupation: Screen media is all my child seems to think about.
• Psychosocial Consequences: My child's screen media use interferes with family activities.
• Serious Problems Due to Use: My child's screen media use causes problems for the family.
• Withdrawal: My child becomes frustrated when he/she cannot use screen media.
• Tolerance: The amount of time my child wants to use screen media keeps increasing.
• Deception: My child sneaks using screen media.
• Escape/Relieve Mood: When my child has had a bad day, screen media seems to be the only thing that helps him/her feel better.

Kids who use media in unhealthy ways have problems with relationships, conduct and other emotional symptoms, Domoff said. The study didn't examine whether the emotional and behavior problems or the media addiction came first.

Domoff, a research faculty affiliate at U-M's Center for Human Growth and Development, is now an assistant professor of psychology at Central Michigan University. Other study authors include: U-M's Kristen Harrison, Ashley Gearhardt, Julie Lumeng and Alison Miller; and Douglas Gentile of Iowa State State University.

The study titled, "Development and Validation of the Problematic Media Use Measure: A Parent Report Measure of Screen Media “Addiction” in Children," appeared in the journal Psychology of Popular Media Culture.