A new John Hopkins Medical School research has found that the a common STI infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis is largely present among the black community, citing social disparities such as lack of access to healthcare as the reason.

According to a research led by Johns Hopkins Medicine, the world's most common curable STI, Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), disproportionately affects the black community. A report of the findings highlighted the major racial/ethnic disparities in TV infection in the United States population, calling on the need to improve racial equity in sexual health.

"These findings are likely reflective of real social and structural disparities, such as lower access to health care, that result in high infection rates in the black community. Targeted public health education about Trichomonas will be critical," said Aaron Tobian, the study's senior author.

Trichomonas vaginalis infection is caused by a protozoan parasite and is asymptomatic in most people. In women, TV infection cases can be characterised by a foul-smelling vaginal discharge, painful urination, and abdominal pain. Similar symptoms can be seen in men too. However, if TV infection is left untreated, it can lead to severe consequences in women, such as pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility.

Unlike other STIs, there is currently no routine surveillance or reporting programs for TV in the United States, and only two previous studies have ever examined its prevalence on a national scale, according to Tobian. Those studies, he said, only focused on women or a younger population.

To examine the prevalence of TV infection in both males and females 18 to 59 years old, Tobian and colleagues used data from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a collection of health information from the United States' non-institutionalised, civilian population that includes valid TV results from urine samples. Of the 4,057 participants, 1,942 were males, 2,115 were females, 822 identified as non-Hispanic black and 3,235 identified as other races/ethnicities.

While the prevalence of TV infection was 0.03 and 0.8 percent among males and females of other races/ethnicities, the burden of TV infection was significantly higher among black males and females: 4.2 percent and 8.9 percent, respectively. Higher prevalence of TV infection was associated with being female, black, older, having less than a high school education and living below poverty level, independent of having multiple sexual partners. TV prevalence was also higher among older individuals (i.e., 25-59 years old compared to age 18-24).

People below the poverty level had a prevalence of 3.9 percent versus 0.6 percent for those at or above poverty level, and individuals without a high school education had a prevalence of 2.9 percent versus 0.8 percent for those with at least a high school education. Currently, screening for TV infection is only recommended for people who are HIV-positive. Eshan U. Patel, the lead author of the study, said the new findings should encourage broader screening initiatives, educational programming, and policy changes to ensure access to sexual health care.

"It's unfortunate that TV infection hasn't received a stronger public health response, especially since it is easy to diagnose and treat," said Patel. TV infection can be detected using the same diagnostic platform as the one used for Chlamydia and can be cured with just one pill- metronidazole. The findings from the study are published in the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases.