Foetal immune rejection may be one of the causes for preterm labour -- a common pregnancy complication leading to birth occuring before the 37th week of pregnancy, researchers say.
 

The findings showed that it may sometimes happen when the foetal immune system "wakes up" too early and begins to reject the mother, causing the uterus to start contracting.The researchers think the foetal immune system becomes triggered in a case of mistaken identity. An initial infection in the mother can result in inflammation and arouse the foetal immune system. The foetal immune cells confuse the mother's cells for an invader and mount an attack, in the form of inflammatory chemicals. 

These chemicals then trigger contractions, leading to preterm labour, the leading cause of infant mortality, the researchers explained."The dogma has always been that the foetus has a very immature immune system, and as a result, people haven't really considered its possible role in pregnancy complications," said Tippi MacKenzie, Associate Professor at the University of California-San Francisco."We showed that in patients who have preterm labour as a result of some kind of infection or inflammation -- the most common cause of preterm labour -- the foetal immune system awakens prematurely and may trigger labour," MacKenzie added.

For the new study, published in the journal Science Translational Medicine, the team tested umbilical cord blood, which contains foetal cells, along with blood taken from nearly 200 women who had healthy pregnancies and those who went into early labour. While the scientists saw no signs of an immune response in the mother's blood, they instead, detected activation in two types of immune cells -- T-cells and dendritic cells -- in the cord blood of preterm infants. The researchers also found greater numbers of the mother's cells circulating in the cord blood of preterm infants.