According to new research, Neuroblastoma is paediatric cancer that arises from immature nerve cells.

Approximately half of the children with neuroblastoma have a type that suggests a high risk of recurrence. Patients with this high-risk neuroblastoma may benefit from a "bridge therapy" between induction and consolidation treatments.

The findings of the study were published in the journal Cancer. Neuroblastoma can often be cured by surgical removal of tumours followed by chemotherapy. These patients often receive induction therapy composed of various chemotherapy drugs and surgery, followed by consolidation therapy (given to kill any cancer cells that may be left in the body) involving high-dose chemotherapy plus stem cell transplants.

Unfortunately, these standard treatments are unsuccessful in many children. In these cases, a bridge therapy, which might include immunotherapy drugs that have demonstrated anti-neuroblastoma activity combined with chemotherapy, radiolabeled MIBG (a therapy that delivers targeted radiation to neuroblastoma), or combinations of chemotherapeutic agents, could offer some benefit.

To examine the benefits of a bridge therapy strategy for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma whose cancer was still evident after induction therapy, Ami V. Desai, MD, MSCE, of the University of Chicago and her colleagues examined data from 201 patients diagnosed at various hospitals from 2008-2018 with neuroblastoma who had residual disease after completing induction therapy.

Patients were treated in three groups with different approaches based on physician, institutional, or family preferences:
1) no bridging therapy prior to consolidation therapy,
2) bridge therapy prior to consolidation therapy, and
3) additional post-induction therapy without consolidation therapy.

The investigators were especially interested in evaluating if the addition of bridge therapy prior to consolidation with stem cell transplant improved the event-free survival or the time after treatment that cancer did not come back or get worse in patients with residual neuroblastoma at the end of induction therapy.

Patients who directly underwent consolidation (group 1) had better responses to induction therapy than patients who received bridge therapy prior to consolidation (group 2). Event-free survival was similar in these two groups, however, suggesting that the addition of bridge therapy prior to consolidation therapy may benefit patients with a poor response to induction therapy.

Among patients with stable cancer at metastatic sites after induction therapy, those who received bridge therapy (group 2) had significantly improved event-free survival compared with those who directly underwent consolidation therapy (group 1).

Patients treated with post-induction therapy who did not receive consolidation therapy (group 3) experienced inferior event-free survival than patients in groups 1 or 2; however, those in group 3 with no signs of metastatic cancer following post-induction therapy had significantly better 3-year event-free survival than those with residual metastatic disease.

Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings and to help identify which patients may have long-term survival without consolidation with autologous stem cell transplant.

"Response to induction therapy is known to be prognostic of survival, and our study suggests that bridge therapy prior to consolidation therapy benefits patients with high-risk neuroblastoma with a poor response to induction," said Dr Desai.

"Also, response to bridge therapy prior to consolidation therapy is associated with outcome, and patients with less than a partial response may benefit from alternative treatment approaches."

An accompanying editorial discusses the findings and agrees that future studies of bridge therapy for patients who do not experience a favourable response following standard induction therapy are needed.