Researchers discovered that women and men share the majority of the same risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). This is the first such study to include people not only from high-income countries but also from low- and middle-income countries, where the burden of CVD is the highest.

The study was published in the journal The Lancet. The global study assessed risk factors, including metabolic (such as high blood pressure, obesity and diabetes), behavioural (smoking and diet), and psychosocial (economic status and depression) in about 156,000 people without a history of CVD between the ages of 35 and 70. Living in 21 low, middle and high-income countries on five continents, they were followed for an average of 10 years.

"Women and men have similar CVD risk factors, which emphasises the importance of a similar strategy for the prevention of CVD in men and women," said the paper's first author Marjan Walli-Attaei, a research fellow at the Population Health Research Institute (PHRI) of McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences (HHS).

Overall, women had a lower risk of developing CVD than men, especially at younger ages. However, the diet was more strongly associated with CVD risk in women than men - "something that's not been previously described, and which requires independent confirmation," said Salim Yusuf, lead investigator of the study, senior author, executive director of PHRI, professor of medicine at McMaster University, and cardiologist at HHS.

High levels of bad (LDL) cholesterol and symptoms of depression were more strongly associated with CVD risk in men than in women. The patterns of these findings were generally similar in high-income countries and upper-middle-income countries, and in low-income and lower-middle-income countries.