What factors contribute to "successful" or ideal ageing? A recent study tracked more than 7,000 Canadians in their middle and older years for about three years to determine the variables associated with well-being as we age.

They discovered that people who were female, married, physically active, and not obese as well as those who never smoked, had higher incomes, and were free of insomnia, heart disease, or arthritis were more likely to maintain excellent health throughout the course of the study and were less likely to experience incapacitating cognitive, physical, or emotional issues.

At the beginning of the roughly three-year study period, the researchers chose volunteers who were in outstanding health as a baseline.

This included the absence of memory problems or chronic disabling pain, freedom from any serious mental illness and absence of physical disabilities that limit daily activities -- as well as the presence of adequate social support and high levels of happiness and life satisfaction.

"We were surprised and delighted to learn that more than 70 per cent of our sample maintained their excellent state of health across the study period," says the first author, Mabel Ho, a doctoral candidate at the University of Toronto's Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work (FSW) and the Institute of Life Course and Ageing.

"Our findings underline the importance of a strength-based rather than a deficit-based focus on ageing and older adults. The media and research tend to ignore the positive and just focus on the problems."

There was considerable variation in the prevalence of successful ageing based on the respondent's age at the beginning of the study. Three-quarters of the respondents who were aged 55 to 64 at the start of the study period maintained excellent health throughout the study. Among those aged 80 and older, approximately half remained in excellent health.

"It is remarkable that half of those aged 80 and older maintained this extremely high bar of cognitive, physical, and emotional well-being across the three years of the study. This is wonderful news for older adults and their families who may anticipate that precipitous decline is inevitable for those aged 80 and older," says Mabel Ho.

"By understanding factors associated with successful ageing, we can work with older adults, families, practitioners, policymakers, and researchers to create an environment that supports a vibrant and healthy later life."

Older adults who were obese were less likely to maintain good health in later life. Compared to older adults who were obese, those who had a normal weight were 24 per cent more likely to age optimally.

"Our findings are in keeping with other studies which have found that obesity was related to a range of physical symptoms and cognitive problems and that physical activity also plays a key role in optimal ageing," says co-author David Burnes, Associate Professor at the University of Toronto's FIFSW and a Canada Research Chair in Older Adult Mistreatment Prevention.

"These findings highlight the importance of maintaining an appropriate weight and engaging in an active lifestyle throughout the life course. Income was also an important factor. Only about half of those below the poverty line aged optimally compared to three-quarters of those living above the poverty line."

"Although our study does not provide information on why low income is important, it is possible that inadequate income causes stress and also restricts healthy choices such as optimal nutrition. Future research is needed to further explore this relationship," says senior author Esme Fuller-Thomson, Director of the Institute for Life Course & Ageing and Professor at the University of Toronto's Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work.

Lifestyle factors are associated with optimal health in later life. Older adults who never smoked were 46 per cent more likely to maintain an excellent state of health compared to current smokers.

Previous studies showed that quitting smoking in later life could improve survival statistics, pulmonary function, and quality of life; lower rates of coronary events, and reduce respiratory symptoms. The study found that former smokers did as well as those who had never smoked, underscoring that it is never too late to quit.

The study also found that engaging in physical activity was important in maintaining good health in later life. Older adults who engaged in moderate to strenuous physical activity were 35% to 45% more likely to age well, respectively.

The findings indicated that respondents who never or rarely experienced sleep problems at baseline were 29 per cent more likely to maintain excellent health across the study.

"Clearly, good sleep is an important factor as we age. Sleep problems undermine cognitive, mental, and physical health. There is strong evidence that an intervention called cognitive-behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is very helpful for people living with insomnia," says Esme Fuller-Thomson.