Over 5.7 crore Indians are affected by serious fungal diseases, 10 per cent of which are from potentially deadly mould infections, according to a review of over 400 published research articles.

Fungal disease is frequent in India, but its incidence and prevalence are unclear. This review is the first to define the frequency or burden of various fungal infections in the country.

Researchers from All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, AIIMS Kalyani, West Bengal and PGIMER, Chandigarh, along with The University of Manchester, UK, estimate that 57,250,826 (over 5.7 crores) -- or 4.4 per cent of India's population -- are likely to be affected.

"The total burden due to fungal diseases is huge but underappreciated," said Animesh Ray of AIIMS Delhi, the lead author of the article.

"While tuberculosis affects less than three million people in a year in India, the number of Indians affected by the fungal disease is several times higher," Ray said.

The review, published in the journal Open Forum Infectious Diseases, found that vaginal thrush -- or yeast infection of the vagina -- affected around 2.4 crore women of reproductive age, with repeated attacks.

Hair fungal infection -- known as tinea capitis -- in school-age children affected a similar number. It causes a painful infected scalp and leaves many with hair loss, according to the study.

Major contributors to death were mould infections of the lungs and sinuses, affecting over 250,000 (2.5 lakhs) people, the researchers said.

Another 1,738,400 (over 17 lakhs) people had chronic aspergillosis -- an infection of the respiratory system caused by a type of mould -- and there were 35 lakh people with serious allergic lung mould disease, they said.

The review shows that over 10 lakh people are thought to have potentially blinding fungal eye disease, and nearly two lakhs had mucormycosis, the so-called "Black mould".

This total burden of serious fungal infections is over 10 times the annual incidence of tuberculosis in India, indicating an enormous population of patients affected by fungal diseases, the researchers said.

Professor David Denning from The University of Manchester and Global Action For Fungal Disease noted that there have been major diagnostic improvements in recent years, with public health services in India catching up with private hospitals in terms of capability.

"However, the fungal disease continues to be a threat to public health and a cause of significant morbidity and mortality representing a considerable socioeconomic burden to those who are infected by them," Denning said.

"And there remain large parts of India with limited diagnostic capability, as evidenced by our inability to estimate some important diseases such as histoplasmosis and fungal asthma in children," he added.