Researchers describe the impact of epigenetics on cancer treatment and how it has become a crucial tool to improve early detection, predict disease progression and become a target for new treatments.

In the early 1980s, the first changes in DNA related to a chemical modification called methylation were discovered, followed by the discovery in the mid-1990s of the first tumour suppressor genes inactivated by these modifications of the genetic material.

The early 2000s saw the first use of these altered marks as a biomarker of cancer disease, as well as the first uses of drugs against them. In parallel, the first chemical modifications were detected in proteins called histones, where DNA wraps around them like a pearl necklace. All this "decoration" of DNA and its regulatory proteins define the field of epigenetics.

Now, in an article published in the journal CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, Dr. Manel Esteller, Director of the Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), ICREA Research Professor and Professor of Genetics at the University of Barcelona, and researcher Dr. Veronica Davalos explain its impact on the clinical management of cancer patients.

"Epigenetics has gone from being a purely basic research discipline focused on studying how gene expression is controlled to a tool to improve early detection, predict the evolution of the disease and become a target for new treatments," -says Dr. Esteller adds -- "One of the most outstanding aspects of its clinical translation is its use in liquid biopsy, as well as helping in the classification of tumour types, for example, to correctly diagnose the types of tumours derived from the brain, skeletal muscles, joints, bones or of unknown origin. But, in addition to this aspect, DNA methylation profiles are approved to determine the efficacy of treatment in brain tumours and other tumour pathologies."

Perhaps one of the most attractive aspects for the medical oncologist is the use of epigenetic drugs to treat cancer. There are currently nine drugs against various epigenetic marks (DNA methylation and histone methylation and acetylation) approved for clinical use in various types of leukaemia, lymphoma and blood diseases, as well as tumours of the soft tissues. According to Esteller, "these treatments are usually very well tolerated by patients and more than killing the tumour cell, they stop its growth as if it were a tamed beast."

Epigenetic drugs are a clinical reality and they are already providing benefits for patients, but research continues and, currently, there is a whole new generation of epigenetic drugs in different phases of clinical trials that, alone or combined with immunotherapy, can make a positive difference in many patients.