COVID-19 of mild to moderate severity in pregnant women appears to have no effect on the brain of the developing fetus, according to a recent study.

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The study was presented at the annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA). Two years into the pandemic, there is evidence that pregnant women are more vulnerable to the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. However, little is known about the possible consequences for an unborn child if the mother is infected during pregnancy.

The likelihood and impact of vertical transmission, meaning the passage of the virus from the mother to the fetus, remains unclear.
"Women infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy are concerned that the virus may affect the development of their unborn child, as is the case with some other viral infections," said study senior author Sophia Stocklein, M.D., from the Department of Radiology at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, in Germany. "So far, although there are a few reports of vertical transmission to the fetus, the exact risk and impact remain largely unclear.

The aim of our study was to fill this gap in knowledge regarding the impact of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection on fetal brain development." Dr Stocklein and colleagues used fetal MRI to study 33 patients with COVID-19 infection during pregnancy.

The patients were roughly 28 weeks into their pregnancies, on average, with symptom onset occurring at a mean of just over 18 weeks into the pregnancy. The most common maternal symptoms were loss or a reduced sense of smell and taste, dry cough, fever and shortness of breath.

Two board-certified radiologists with several years of experience in fetal MRI evaluated the scans. They found that the brain development in the assessed areas was age-appropriate in all fetuses. There were no findings indicative of infection of the fetal brain.
"In our study, there was no evidence that a maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection has any effect on the brain development of the unborn child," Dr. Stocklein said. "This fact should help to reassure affected parents."

Dr Stocklein cautioned that only mothers with mild to moderate symptoms and without hospitalisation were included in the study.
"Since the impact of severe infection on brain development in the fetus has not been conclusively determined, active protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy remains important," she said.

As part of that protection, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends vaccination for all people ages 12 and older, including women who are pregnant or thinking about getting pregnant. The CDC notes that the vaccine can protect against severe illness.

"So far, vaccination is the most promising protection against COVID-19," Dr. Stocklein said. "Any potential side effects are manageable, even in pregnant women. Therefore, despite the encouraging results of our study, pregnant women should strongly consider vaccination."

The researchers will be following the patients over the next five years, including detailed neonatal assessment, as well as assessment of neurological development.