People with higher levels of T cells from common cold coronaviruses are less likely to become infected with COVID-19, offering a possible blueprint for a second-generation of vaccines against future variants, a UK research team made up of an Indian-origin scientist said on January 10.

The study, published in the journal Nature Communications and led by Imperial College London researchers, claims to provide the first evidence of a protective role for T cells. While previous studies have shown that T cells induced by other coronaviruses can recognise SARS-CoV-2, the strain which causes COVID-19, the new study examines how the presence of these T cells at the time of SARS-CoV-2 exposure influences infection. The researchers believe their findings provide a blueprint for a second-generation, universal vaccine that could prevent infection from current and future SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron.

Our study provides the clearest evidence to date that T cells induced by common cold coronaviruses play a protective role against SARS-CoV-2 infection. These T cells provide protection by attacking proteins within the virus, rather than the spike protein on its surface, said senior author Professor Ajit Lalvani, Director of the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Respiratory Infections Health Protection Research Unit at Imperial College London.

"The spike protein is under intense immune pressure from vaccine-induced antibody, which drives evolution of vaccine escape mutants. In contrast, the internal proteins targeted by the protective T cells we identified mutate much less. Consequently, they are highly conserved between the various SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron, he explained. "New vaccines that include these conserved, internal proteins would therefore induce broadly protective T cell responses that should protect against current and future SARS-CoV-2 variants, he said.

The study began in September 2020 when most people in the UK had neither been infected nor vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. It included 52 people who lived with someone with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and who had therefore been exposed to the virus.

The participants did PCR tests at the outset and four and seven days later, to determine if they developed an infection. Blood samples from the 52 participants were taken within one-six days of them being exposed to the virus. This enabled the researchers to analyse the levels of pre-existing T cells induced by previous common cold coronavirus infections that also cross-recognise proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Being exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus doesn't always result in infection, and we've been keen to understand why, said Rhia Kundu from Imperial's National Heart and Lung Institute, the first author of the study. We found that high levels of pre-existing T cells, created by the body when infected with other human coronaviruses like the common cold, can protect against COVID-19 infection.

While this is an important discovery, it is only one form of protection, and I would stress that no one should rely on this alone. Instead, the best way to protect yourself against COVID-19 is to be fully vaccinated, including getting your booster dose, she said. The researchers found that there were significantly higher levels of these cross-reactive T cells in the 26 people who did not become infected, compared to the 26 people who did become infected. These T cells targeted internal proteins within the SARS-CoV-2 virus, rather than the spike protein on the surface of the virus, to protect against infection.

Current vaccines do not induce an immune response to these internal proteins. The researchers say that alongside existing effective spike protein-targeting vaccines these internal proteins offer a new vaccine target that could provide long-lasting protection because T cell responses persist longer than antibody responses which wane within a few months of vaccination.

The researchers note some limitations to the study, including that because it is small and 88 per cent of participants were of white European ethnicity, it is not possible for them to model demographic factors. The study was funded by the UK's NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Respiratory Infections and the Medical Research Council.