Children and adolescents face a greater risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) when exposed to antibiotics or a Western diet at early ages, according to researchers, including one of Indian origin.

A meta-analysis of 36 observational studies representing approximately 6.4 million children showed that any exposure to antibiotics before age five was linked to a three times greater risk of paediatric IBD, and exposure to four or more courses of antibiotics to 3.5 times greater risk.

"Paediatric IBD cases are rising globally, and approximately one in four of all IBD cases are now diagnosed before age 21," said Nisha Thacker, the study's lead author and a gastrointestinal dietitian at The University of Newcastle in Australia.

A unique concern about paediatric IBD is the impact that the inflammation has on a child's growth and the progression of puberty, so parents should be aware of this condition and the modifiable factors that influence it.

Further, lower socioeconomic status was associated with a 65 per cent lower risk of childhood IBD. Greater consumption of vegetables was also protective, as was having two or more siblings, and being exposed to pets during childhood.

The findings, presented at Digestive Disease Week (DDW) 2023, showed that exposure to pets and having only one toilet is protective against IBD. It indicates that excessive hygiene can reduce microbes in the environment and interfere with the development of a robust microbiome, Thacker said.

Basic hygiene is recommended but allowing children to play outdoors and interact with pets in a safe environment appears to be beneficial for developing a strong immune system.

"Many of these factors can impact our gut microbiota and may have a particularly strong effect in a child," Thacker said. "A Western diet, high in sugars and ultra-processed foods and low in vegetables, is a prime example." Another risk factor is early exposure to secondhand smoke, which doubled the risk of IBD in children.

Thacker advised families with young children to emphasise a diet rich in vegetables and minimally processed whole foods, use antibiotics cautiously in early childhood, consider adopting a pet, prevent secondhand smoke exposure and avoid excessive worry about hygiene, especially in high-income countries.

If a family has a history of IBD or a child has a history of eczema/rhinitis, encouraging breastfeeding, followed by a healthy diet pattern for the child, may minimise the compounding effects of a Western diet on the genetic risk.