Scientists have developed an AI tool that can rapidly decode a brain tumour's DNA to determine its molecular identity during surgery, critical information that can take a few days to a few weeks under the current approach.

Knowing the molecular type of a tumour allows neurosurgeons to make decisions like how much brain tissue to remove and whether to inject tumour-killing drugs directly into the brain while the patient is still on the operating table.

The study's findings, led by Harvard Medical School researchers, were published in the journal Med.

During surgery, an accurate molecular diagnosis -- which details DNA alterations in a cell -- can help a neurosurgeon decide how much brain tissue to remove.

When the tumour is less aggressive, removing too much can impair a patient's neurologic and cognitive function. Similarly, removing too little when the tumour is aggressive may leave behind malignant tissue that can quickly grow and spread.

"Right now, even state-of-the-art clinical practice cannot profile tumours molecularly during surgery. Our tool overcomes this challenge by extracting thus-far untapped biomedical signals from frozen pathology slides," said study senior author Kun-Hsing Yu, assistant professor of biomedical informatics at the Blavatnik Institute at HMS.

Knowing a tumour's molecular identity during surgery is also valuable because certain tumours benefit from on-the-spot treatment with drug-coated wafers placed directly into the brain at the time of the operation, Yu said.

"The ability to determine an intraoperative molecular diagnosis in real-time, during surgery, can propel the development of real-time precision oncology," Yu added.

The standard intraoperative diagnostic approach used now involves taking brain tissue, freezing it, and examining it under a microscope. A major drawback is that freezing the tissue tends to alter the appearance of cells under a microscope and can interfere with the accuracy of clinical evaluation.

Furthermore, the human eye, even when using potent microscopes, cannot reliably detect subtle genomic variations on a slide.

The new AI approach overcomes these challenges. The tool, called CHARM (Cryosection Histopathology Assessment and Review Machine), is freely available to other researchers. It still has to be clinically validated through testing in real-world settings and cleared by the FDA before deployment in hospitals, the research team said.

Cracking Cancer's molecular code

Recent advances in genomics have allowed pathologists to differentiate the molecular signatures -- and the behaviours that such signatures portend -- across various types of brain cancer as well as within specific types of brain cancer.

For example, glioma -- the most aggressive brain tumour and the most common form of brain cancer -- has three main subvariants that carry different molecular markers and have different propensities for growth and spread.

The new tool's ability to expedite molecular diagnosis could be particularly valuable in areas with limited access to technology to perform rapid cancer genetic sequencing.

Beyond the decisions made during surgery, knowledge of a tumour's molecular type provides clues about its aggressiveness, behaviour, and likely response to various treatments. Such knowledge can inform post-operative decisions.

Furthermore, the new tool enables during-surgery diagnoses aligned with the World Health Organisation's recently updated classification system for diagnosing and grading the severity of gliomas, which calls for such diagnoses to be made based on a tumour's genomic profile.

Training CHARM

CHARM was developed using 2,334 brain tumour samples from 1,524 people with glioma from three different patient populations. When tested on a never-before-seen set of brain samples, the tool distinguished tumours with specific molecular mutations at 93 per cent accuracy and successfully classified three major types of gliomas with distinct molecular features that carry different prognoses and respond differently to treatments.

Going a step further, the tool successfully captured visual characteristics of the tissue surrounding the malignant cells. It was capable of spotting telltale areas with greater cellular density and more cell death within samples, both of which signal more aggressive glioma types.

The tool was also able to pinpoint clinically important molecular alterations in a subset of low-grade gliomas, a subtype of glioma that is less aggressive and therefore less likely to invade surrounding tissue. Each of these changes also signals a different propensity for growth, spread, and treatment response.

The tool further connected the appearance of the cells -- the shape of their nuclei, the presence of oedema around the cells -- with the molecular profile of the tumour. This means that the algorithm can pinpoint how a cell's appearance relates to the molecular type of a tumour.

This ability to assess the broader context around the image renders the model more accurate and closer to how a human pathologist would visually assess a tumour sample, Yu said.

The researchers say that while the model was trained and tested on glioma samples, it could be successfully retrained to identify other brain cancer subtypes.

Scientists have already designed AI models to profile other types of cancer -- colon, lung, breast -- but gliomas have remained particularly challenging due to their molecular complexity and a huge variation in tumour cells' shape and appearance.

The CHARM tool would have to be retrained periodically to reflect new disease classifications as they emerge from new knowledge, Yu said.

"Just like human clinicians who must engage in ongoing education and training, AI tools must keep up with the latest knowledge to remain at peak performance."