Iwakiri K, et al. - This retrospective study compared the traditional hand scrub and the waterless hand rub protocols before orthopedic surgery, in terms of surgical site infections (SSI) incidences, the cost of hand hygiene agents, and hand hygiene time. Findings demonstrated that as a preventive for SSI in orthopedic surgery, waterless hand rub with an alcohol-based chlorhexidine gluconate solution can serve as a safe, quick, and cost-effective alternative to traditional hand scrub.