van Nimwegen JF, van der Tuuk K, Liefers SC, et al. - Investigators performed a histopathological case-control study to explore clinical, histopathological and immunological changes in the vagina and cervix of women with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), which might explain vaginal dryness. Ten pre-menopausal female primary SS individuals with vaginal dryness and 10 pre-menopausal controls undergoing a laparoscopic procedure were included in this study. Multiplex immunoassays and flow cytometry were conducted on the endocervical swab and cervicovaginal lavage samples to estimate cellular and soluble immune markers. Compared with controls, women with primary SS demonstrate impaired vaginal health and increased lymphocytic infiltration in the vagina. Vascular dysfunction may cause vaginal dryness in primary SS, possibly induced by IFN-mediated pathways.