Zhang G, et al. - A total of 479 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) individuals with routine second transurethral resection (TUR) were investigated retrospectively between 2003 and 2011, and examined with clinical and pathological variables relative to tumor recurrence and progression in order to evaluate the performance of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and Spanish Urological Club for Oncological Treatment (CUETO) predictive models in NMIBC individuals treated with second TUR. With a median follow-up of 60 months, for the risk of disease recurrence and progression, independent prognostic factors were former recurrence rate, grade, and second TUR pathology. The positive pathology following the second TUR was significantly related to the risk of disease recurrence and progression. Progression was better predicted by EORTC and CUETO risk models, compared with recurrence, particularly with higher score groups. Thus, for optimal treatment choice, enhanced predictive tools should be developed.