Scott CK, et al. – The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of two components of such apps: Ongoing self–monitoring through Ecological Momentary Assessments (EMAs) and immediate recovery support through Ecological Momentary Interventions (EMIs). The findings will yield more information regarding the effects of EMAs and EMIs on substance use disorders and HIV risk behaviors. This data can potentially make the therapy and recovery more effective and more widely accessible.

• The recruitment will comprise of adults undergoing substance use disorder treatment (n = 400), from treatment centers in Chicago.
• They will be randomly assigned to one of four conditions upon discharge in a 2 × 2 factorial design.
• Candidates will receive (1) EMAs only, (2) EMIs only, (3) combined EMAs + EMIs, or (4) a control condition without EMA or EMI for 6 months.
• Those in the experimental conditions receive smartphones with the apps (EMA and/or EMI) specific to their condition.
• Phones alert enrollees in the EMA and EMA + EMI conditions at five random times per day and present participants with questions about people, places, activities, and feelings that they experienced in the past 30 min and if such factors enable them to use substances, support their recovery, or have no impact.
• Continual access to a suite of support services is given for those in the EMI and EMA + EMI conditions.
• Subjects are prompted to use the EMI(s) when responses to the EMA(s) indicate risk, in the EMA + EMI condition.
• All groups have access to recovery support as usual.
• The primary outcome involves days of abstinence from alcohol and other drugs.
• Secondary outcomes constitute the number of HIV risk behaviors and if abstinence mediates the effects of EMA, EMI, or EMA + EMI on HIV risk behaviors.