Larsen A, et al. - Considering the 20% of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in South Africa who remain untreated despite their eligibility for antiretroviral treatment (ART), researchers described the rate, timeliness and determinants of ART initiation among newly diagnosed PLHIV to inform universal test and treat (UTT) implementation. They noted significant variation in ART initiation and timeliness by district, facility location, and age, with little to no variation by World Health Organization stage, or CD4 count. Findings revealed suboptimal timeliness of ART initiation among men and non-pregnant women newly diagnosed with HIV who are eligible for ART in South Africa. Improvement in treatment initiation performance is recommended to implement UTT among men and non-pregnant women. They recommend tailoring UTT programming to district and location categories to address contextual differences influencing treatment initiation.