Ng I, et al. - In this study involving adults who were intubated following a non–rapid sequence induction, the use of high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) in both pre-oxygenation and apnoeic oxygenation was investigated. Patients received pre-oxygenation via a standard facemask or the Transnasal Humidified Rapid-Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange (THRIVE) device and apnoeic oxygenation via bag–mask ventilation (BMV) and the THRIVE device in the standard facemask group and in the HFNO group, respectively. They found HFNO yielded a higher arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂) after pre-oxygenation and safe PaO₂ during intubation. However, a subsequent fall in PaO₂ and rise in arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO₂) implied its inferior efficacy compared with that of BMV in maintaining oxygenation and ventilation following neuromuscular blockade.