Zhao H, Yan P, Zhang N, et al. - Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) recurrence has been increasing in the last 10 years, and it remains a difficult public health issue worldwide. The recurrence rate of H. pylori increased with time after eradication, and the recurrence rate of H. pylori varies by location, gender, and eradication method.

• A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, and Web of Science was conducted to uncover studies on H. pylori recurrence rates published between 2010 and 2019.

• In total, 31 studies (16,797 candidates) were analyzed.

• The recurrence rate of H. pylori was 9%, and it displayed an upward trend with the time elapsed after eradication.

• The annual recurrence rate was 4%, and there was a consistent trend with time since eradication.

• Subgroup analyses revealed that the recurrence rate of H. pylori eradication by triple therapy was higher than that of quadruple therapy; urban was higher than that of rural; males were higher than that of females; Europe had the greatest recurrence rate, and Africa had the lowest. H. pylori recurrence was found to be inversely associated with the human development index.