Hassan AN, et al. – This trial entailed the inspection of the impact of baseline post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and each symptom cluster on the risk of developing opioid use disorder (OUD), in those exposed to opioid painkillers. Furthermore, it gauged the effect of comorbid PTSD and OUD on functioning, OUD severity, and seeking therapy, in comparison with individuals with OUD only. An increased risk of developing OUD was reported by the baseline PTSD, following opioid painkillers' exposure. Hence, PTSD diagnosis and arousal/reactivity symptoms ought to be screened before prescribing painkillers. A strong recommendation was put forth of integrated therapies for patients with this dual diagnosis.