Gan W, et al. - The microbiome of chronic rhinosinusitis patients with polyps (CRSwNP) and a control population was investigated to provide new insights into the microbiota associated with the pathogenesis of CRSwNP. Enrolling 59 CRSwNP patients and 27 controls, no difference in diversity between the 2 groups was identified. However, CRSwNP group had lower richness than the control group. At the phylum level, the two groups had predominantly Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The groups, however, differed regarding the relative abundance, with the proportions of Actinobacteria (predominantly Corynebacterium) and Dolosigranulum being significantly higher in the control group than in the CRSwNP group. The theory of microbial dysbiosis as the pathogenesis of CRSwNP was thus supported in this work. The decrease in the proportions of potentially protective bacteria may reduce the overall stability of the sinonasal bacterial community. Microbiome diversity in CRSwNP cases and controls