Sun X, et al. – The target of this trial was to determine the diagnostic values of urine liquid–based cytology (LBC), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and p16/Ki–67 dual immunostaining in the detection of upper tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUCs). LBC appeared to be more suitable for detecting high–grade UTUCs. It was noted that FISH was highly valuable in speculating low–grade UTUCs (LGUTUCs) and p16/Ki–67 dual labeling was assisted in distinguishing HGUTUCs from LGUTUCs. The combination of these methods could improve the sensitivity or accuracy in the detection or diagnosis of UTUCs.