Grygorczuk S, Czupryna P, Dunaj J, et al. - The variable outcome observed in patients with neuroborreliosis (NB) may partially depend on host-related immune factors. As the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with NB has a large population of T lymphocytes, researchers examined expression of T lymphocyte chemoattractant cytokines in correlation with CSF cytometric parameters and clinical data in NB patients. Prior to antibiotic administration, blood and CSF were obtained from 17 patients with NB and blood was obtained from 12 patients with erythema migrans (EM); a fraction of NB patients had samples drawn during and/or after antibiotic treatment. An increase in the serum concentrations of IL-16, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CCL5 was observed; this increase was higher in NB than in EM. They observed upregulation of all the cytokines in CSF, with CXCL10, CXCL9 and IL-16 being upregulated over ten-fold. Overall findings suggested a prominent role of CXCL10 in the intrathecal inflammation in neuroborreliosis. CCL5 and IL-16 may be chemotactic drivers of the lymphocytic pleocytosis. A protracted neuroinflammation was observed in correlation with Th1-related chemokines (CXCL10, CCL5). Further, there was association of Th2-related CCL2 with a quicker normalization of pleocytosis.