Pinheiro MB, et al. – This prospective study aimed to examine whether symptoms of depression increase the risk of low back pain (LBP), after adjusting for genetic and environmental influences. Although firm conclusions could not be made because of small sample size in the case–control analysis, the magnitude of the association between depression and LBP seemed to be small and could be confounded by genetic and early shared environmental influences. Moreover, the observed association was dependent on the method of assessment used for both conditions.