Arellano-Orden E, et al. - The target of this trial was to determine the changes in pleural fluid survivin concentrations induced by talc instillation into the pleural space in patients with malignant pleural effusion. The changes were assessed with respect to pleurodesis outcome and patient survival. The findings revealed that elevated pleural fluid survivin concentrations served as beneficial predictors of failure of pleurodesis and were associated with shorter survival in patients with malignant pleural effusion.