Hourigan SK, Zhu W, W.Wong WS, et al. - Researchers sought to correlate microbiome metrics resulting from 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing between midstream, voided specimens and those obtained at cystoscopy. A total of 22 individuals (8 female, 14 male) were recruited in this study. No significant difference was found in beta diversity (diversity between samples) in all samples between collection methods. Nevertheless, an examination by gender revealed a difference between voided and cystoscopy samples from the same individual in males (p = 0.006, Adonis test) but not in females (p = 0.317, Adonis test). There were no differences by collection method in any alpha diversity (diversity within a sample) measurement or differential abundance of taxa. The data showed that the beta diversity of the urine microbiome did differ by the collection process for males only. It was found that the urinary microbiomes of the two collection methods are not similar to each other, at least in males, which is the gender that bladder cancer occurs most frequently in.