Okada Y, et al. - This work was planned to assess the ability of multiple sclerosis (MS) B cells to produce IL-10 in response to toll-like receptors (TLR) stimulation in the presence or absence of CD40 co-stimulation. As per findings, during MS relapses, cross-talk between TLR4 and CD40 signaling seemed to play an important role in regulating IL-10 production by B cells, which might enhance recovery from relapse. Efficacy of IFN-β therapy was seemed related to CD40-mediated IL-10 production by B cells in MS. For MS therapy, TLR4 and CD40 signaling in B cells could provide a promising target.