Bouwens E, Schuurman AS, Akkerhuis KM, et al. - Researchers examined links of 17 repeatedly measured cytokines and cytokine receptors with clinical result, during a median observation span of 2.2 years, among 250 stable heart failure patients with trimonthly blood sampling in this prospective cohort study. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular death, heart failure hospitalization, heart transplantation, left ventricular assist device implantation. Experts found that 66 patients reached the primary endpoint. Repeatedly measured concentrations of 8 biomarkers were shown to be correlated with clinical results independent of clinical features. For 15 biomarkers, rates of change over time (slopes of biomarker evolutions) continued to be independently related to result. Therefore, experts inferred that a contributor to personalized risk evaluation might be temporal patterns of cytokines and cytokine receptors, specifically tumour necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13B and interleukin-1 receptor type 1.