Malacova E, et al. – The risk of stillbirth, preterm birth (PTB), and small–for–gestational age (SGA) as a proxy for fetal growth restriction (FGR) following exposure to one or more of these factors in the previous birth were assessed in this study. The risk of stillbirth, PTB, or SGA (as the proxy for FGR) was moderately raised in women who previously experienced a single exposure but increased two–to–three–fold when two prior adverse outcomes were combined. Clinical guidelines ought to consider the interrelationship of stillbirth, PTB and SGA and that each condition is an independent risk factor for the other conditions.