Mukwikwi ER, Pineau CA, Vinet E, et al. - Given that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ) are key drugs in systemic lupus (SLE) and related diseases, researchers used case-control analyses to explore factors potentially correlated with retinal toxicity. Within the SLE clinic cohort, patients with retinal changes were identified utilizing the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Damage Index. Over an average of 12.8 years of follow-up, 18 of 326 patients exposed to antimalarial drugs developed retinal toxicity. Data reported that the minimum number of years of HCQ/CQ exposure prior to retinopathy was 8 years (maximum 33 years). Over an average of 12.8 years, just over 5% of patients experienced antimalarial retinal complications. In the first 5 years of therapy, no cases have been found. Past use of CQ was more common in cases vs controls.