Min S, et al. – The physicians examined the resistance mechanisms related to clinical eradication outcome and investigated the direct involvement of hefA in metronidazole–resistant isolates with intact rdxA and frxA. The outcomes proposed that rdxA mutations performed a critical role in metronidazole resistance as well as the outcomes of eradication therapy. Furthermore, hefA appeared to be directly involved in metronidazole resistance, which explained the resistance in clinical isolates with intact rdxA and frxA.