Kimura H, et al. - Researchers report the final results of a randomized controlled trial of adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy for lung cancer that indicated a significant advantage in patients receiving immunotherapy. They also report the outcomes of immunological analysis with a median follow-up of 59.6 months. Either chemoimmunotherapy (group A, immunotherapy arm) or chemotherapy (group B, control arm) was administered to patients with post-surgical lung cancer. Survivors had elevated CD8+/CD4+ T-cell ratio, as seen in the immunological analysis of cell surface markers in regional lymph nodes of subjects receiving immunotherapy. Adoptive cellular immunotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery was beneficial for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Good candidates were patients with stage III cancer, those with adenocarcinoma, and those not receiving preoperative chemotherapy. Cytotoxic T cells were important for a favorable chemoimmunotherapy outcome.