Wilt TJ, Vo TN, Langsetmo L, et al. - In order to find out the long-term effects of surgery vs observation on all-cause mortality for men with early prostate cancer, researchers performed a randomized trial conducted at the US Department of Veterans Affairs and National Cancer Institute sites. A total of 731 individuals were included (≤ 75 yr of age) with localized prostate cancer, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) < 50 ng/ml, life expectancy ≥ 10 yr, and medically fit for surgery. It was showed that surgery was correlated with small very long-term reductions in all-cause mortality and increases in years of life gained. Absolute outcomes did not vary markedly by individuals characteristics. In men with low-risk disease, absolute effects and mean survival were much smaller, but were greater in men with intermediate-risk disease although not in men with high-risk disease.