Skowerski M, et al. - Researchers used multi-slice tomography (MSCT) to evaluate anomalies of the pulmonary veins (PV) and left atrium (LA) in patients with history of atrial fibrillation (AF) vs controls (40 patients without AF, of whom 26 were males, age 45 ± 9 years). Prior to pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), they performed MSCT scans in a total of 224 AF patients (129 males, mean age 59 ± 9 years). Assessment of LA and PV anatomy was carried out and diameters of PV ostia were measured in two directions (anterior-posterior and superior-inferior) using Vitrea 4.0. They found that patients with AF more often developed anomalies of pulmonary vein anatomy, which can be defined as image biomarkers of atrial fibrillation. The most important anomaly detected in AF patients included right additional (middle) pulmonary vein as well as enlargered diameters of the LA and PV ostia.