Asefa A, et al. - Researchers conducted a retrospective cohort study among 737 ART patients [445 (60.4%) females] in southwest Ethiopia from January 1, 2010, to June 30, 2016, in order to recognize predictors of clinical and immunologic failure of first-line ART in this region. The incidence rate of treatment failure was 7.3 per 100 person-year observations during the follow-up period. They observed the highest rate during the first 6 to 12 months of ART initiation. An increased hazard rate for first-line ART failure was observed in correlation to not disclosing HIV status, being bedridden and low hemoglobin at ART initiation. Findings thereby suggest modifiability of the predictors of first-line ART treatment failure. Hence, they recommend addressing these factors during routine care of HIV patients by healthcare providers to preserve the rapid exhaustion of first-line medications, increase the quality of life of the patients and diminish HIV/AIDS related deaths.