Purdue MP, et al. - Given a link between high prediagnostic serum levels of the immune activation markers sCD27 and sCD30 and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), but the use of a single sample per participant in these investigations has limited etiologic inferences, therefore, researchers performed a case–control study, including 422 cases and 434 controls, within the Janus Serum Bank with two samples per person gathered on average 5 years apart, to report outcomes, overall and by NHL subtype. Link of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma with high sCD27 was identified in the later, but not earlier, prediagnostic sample in analyses adjusting for both analytes, while a link between follicular lymphoma (FL) and elevated sCD30 was observed in both the later and earlier samples. A more chance of having below-median sCD27 in the earlier sample and above-median sCD27 in the later sample was observed in NHL cases in a joint analysis. Overall, raised sCD27 was identified as a disease-induced effect and sCD30 was acknowledged as a marker of increased FL susceptibility.