Hidaka A, et al. - In this prospective evaluation of 4,000 cancer cases in population-based cohort of 33,736 subjects, researchers determined the individual impacts of insulin and blood glucose on cancer risk. They assessed the association of plasma C-peptide with all-site and site-specific cancer risk by mutually accounting for their confounding effects in 3,036 cancer cases and 3,667 subcohort subjects after excluding subjects with apparent DM. According to findings, a possible relevance of higher insulin levels, independently of higher blood glucose levels, was suggested as far as DM-related carcinogenesis for several cancer sites is concerned. Among men and women combined, an increased risk of all-site was noted in statistically significant association with highest levels of C-peptide [Hazard ratio (HR): 1.21; 95% confidence interval: 1.02–1.42], colon [1.73; 1.20–2.47], liver [3.23; 1.76–5.91], kidney, renal pelvis and ureter cancers [2.47; 1.07–5.69], compared to the respective lowest levels, after adjustment for glycated albumin (GA) levels. Independently of C-peptide levels, an increased risk related to elevated GA levels was also noted in colon and liver cancers among these C-peptide-related cancers.