Ato D - Authors looked at the hazards of using ankle-brachial index (ABI) and ankle-brachial pulse wave velocity (baPWV), which are considered indices of atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness. The ABI and baPWV proved to be useful and significant biomarkers, however, caution was recommended while interpreting them, especially regarding certain conditions, like arterial stenosis in the upper-limb of the contralateral side of the hemodialysis access, arteriosclerosis obliterans, arterial calcification in the lower limb, and arterial stenosis in the right upper-limb. Researchers suggest that rigorous patient exclusion criteria when using these indices in the severely conditioned patient cohort should be considered. Yielded data could be applied to enhance the literacy using other indices, such as the cardio-ankle vascular index and other similar devices.