Lohman-Payne B, Koster J, Gabriel B, et al. - Researchers sought to describe how HIV and antiretroviral therapy (cART) affect immune activation during pregnancy in a Zambian cohort of HIV exposed but uninfected children followed from birth. They performed comparison of activated CD8+ T-cells (CD38+ and HLA-DR+) among HIV- (N = 95), HIV+/cART experienced (N = 111) and HIV+/cART naïve (N = 21) pregnant women. HIV+/cART naïve women exhibited the highest immune activation but its reduction occured during pregnancy. HIV+ women who initiated cART during pregnancy showed decreased immune activation but not to levels similar to HIV- women.