Shanmugasundaram U, Critchfield JW, Giudice LC, et al. - The endocervix and endometrium of HIV‐infected women were investigated for CD4+ T‐cell frequency, phenotype, and HIV‐specific T‐cell responses. Comparison was performed of these tissues with the gastrointestinal tract. Researchers retrieved mucosal samples and blood from 18 women: four who were HIV‐positive and not on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) for at least 3 years prior to sampling, including two natural controllers (viral load [VL] undetectable and CD4 > 350); nine women on cART with low to undetectable VL; and five HIV‐uninfected women. Mucosal samples included terminal ileum, sigmoid colon, endocervical cytobrush, endocervical curettage, and endometrial biopsy. As per outcomes, endometrium continuously exhibit significantly elevated T‐cell activation, measured by CD38/HLA‐DR co‐expression, following cART, but it was lower in gastrointestinal tissues. Ileum, colon, and endometrial tissues of women both on and off cART exhibited HIV‐specific CD8+ T‐cell responses; these responses were of higher magnitude on those not on cART.