Vergeld V, et al. - Given the necessity for an assessment before an intervention can be implemented to improve pain-related self-efficacy, researchers here aimed at providing a systematic review on which self-efficacy scales are being used among patients with back pain. In addition, they evaluated the psychometric properties of these scales. They followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2009 checklist for conducting the systematic search. They identified 3,512 records. A total of 233 studies were screened full-text, and inclusion of a total of 47 studies addressing 19 different measures of pain-related self-efficacy was performed in the quality analysis. The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and the Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Scale were the most commonly used instruments. Internal consistency was reported in all studies, but other aspects of reliability and validity were lacking in many studies. Based on findings, they emphasize focusing on assessing validity and interpretability of these questionnaires, particularly in pain-related target groups, in further research. Those questionnaires should be selected that are most relevant for the study aims and the back pain population and contribute to further validation of these scales to best predict future behavior and develop intervention programs.