Tsimafeyeu I, Moiseenko F, Orlov S, et al. - Via this prospective-retrospective cohort study, researchers sought to gather real-world data on the effectiveness of crizotinib or chemotherapy in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in Russia. From 23 cancer centers, 149 patients with epidermal growth factor receptor-negative metastatic NSCLC and with confirmation of ALK rearrangement were included. Treatment with crizotinib (250 mg twice daily; n = 96) or the investigator’s choice of platinum-based chemotherapy (n = 53) was performed. The less selective patient populations treated in daily practice in Russia also showed the improved OS observed in crizotinib clinical trials in ALK-positive NSCLC. In these patients, standard chemotherapy is used commonly but appears inappropriate because of the effectiveness of newer treatments, such as crizotinib.