Tsimafeyeu I, Moiseenko F, Orlov S, et al. - In order to generate real-world data on the use of crizotinib or chemotherapy in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in Russia, researchers undertook this prospective-retrospective cohort investigation. The eligible patients were those with confirmed ALK rearrangement and were recruited from 23 cancer centers. Either crizotinib (250 mg twice daily; n = 96) or the investigator’s choice of platinum-based chemotherapy (n = 53) was administered to patients. Overall survival (OS) was the primary endpoint. From the commencement of therapy, the median OS was 31 months and 15.0 months in the crizotinib group and in the chemotherapy group, respectively. The crizotinib group showed an objective response rate of 34%. Three patients (3%) in the crizotinib group experienced grade 3 adverse events. Findings revealed that the less selective patient populations treated in daily practice in Russia also demonstrated the improved OS reported in crizotinib clinical trials in ALK-positive NSCLC. Despite a common use of standard chemotherapy in these patients, this option appeared unsuitable because of the efficacy of newer therapies, such as crizotinib.