Ngalamika O, Tso FY, Lidenge S, et al. - HIV-associated/epidemic Kaposi sarcoma (EpKS), an AIDS-defining angio-proliferative malignancy, can be treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) alone or with ART plus cytotoxic chemotherapy. Researchers sought to determine immunological markers of ART-treatment response via comparing responders (those with clinical EpKS tumor regression) with poor responders (those with progressive or non-responsive EpKS). Responders exhibited significantly raised interleukin (IL)-5 levels compared with poor-responders at baseline (0.76pg/ml vs 0.37pg/ml) and follow-up (0.56pg/ml vs 0.37pg/ml). At follow-up, responders vs poor-responders had lower IL-6 (600fg/ml vs 4272fg/ml) and had significantly lower IP-10/CxCL-10 (187pg/ml vs 528pg/ml). Findings suggest the possible utility of high plasma IL-5 at baseline as a marker for ART-treated KS tumor regression. Whereas KS tumor progression was observed in correlation with increased pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, and the chemokine IP-10.